Subsequent Cases Regarding Size/Proportionality: Subsequent Cases Regarding Racial Composition: This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings, Dissent by Justices Frankfurter and Harlan, Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:54, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 369, Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama, "Whittaker is leaving U.S. Supreme Court", "Baker v. Carr, 369 US 186 - Supreme Court 1962 - Google Scholar", Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker_v._Carr&oldid=1142122604, The redistricting of state legislative districts is not a, Brennan, joined by Warren, Black, Douglas, Clark, Stewart. Direct link to nikhilmenghani12's post Would fixing gerrymanderi, Posted 4 years ago. a group of citizens proposes a law banning gay marriage in a state, which the public then votes on in an election. Explain how the decision in Baker v. Carr is similar to the decision in Wesberry v. Sanders. conflict with self conflict with others conflict with society conflict with nature. Baker's suit detailed how Tennessee's reapportionment efforts ignored significant economic growth and population shifts within the state. Chief Justice Earl Warren described this decision as the most important case decided after his appointment to the court in 1953. Their complaint is simply that the representatives are not sufficiently numerous or powerful. Associate Justice Charles Evans Whittaker was so torn over the case that he eventually had to recuse himself for health reasons. Federal courts have heard challenges to the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010's mandate that all individuals have health insurance. The Baker v. Carr (1961) decision allowed judicial oversight of state government in the apportioning of legislative districts. Answer my question i will give you a brainliest mickey used these calculations to find how much he would spend on 7 cartons of eggs, if 12 cartons of eggs cost $22.20. Which letters from the table represent like terms? Make sure you include: the year, the decision, rationale behind the decision, and the constitutional principle that goes with the case. Answer: Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that districts in the United States House of Representatives must be approximately equal in population. Key points. They are under the management of different individuals. Why were enslaved Africans brought to the Americas? Discuss the internal borderlands within the West. https://www.britannica.com/event/Baker-v-Carr, Cornell University Law School - Baker v. Carr. Frankfurter, joined by Justice John Marshall Harlan II, dissented vigorously and at length, arguing that the Court had cast aside history and judicial restraint, and violated the separation of powers between legislatures and Courts. Omissions? Territorial loss is a system where a country is stripped off its rightful lands and areas due to fallout with other countries after a war. Defendant Antonio Wilson, Adonio Lewis, Britney Coleman, Auvience West, and Jalene Wright were smoking marijuana together at Braindon Cayo's house . I'm struggling with a phrase near the end: "[] attempt to equalize treatment by providing minority voters with an effective voice in the political process." State legislatures were supposed to redistrict according to changes in population but many had not for decades. Further, by holding that such cases were justiciable, the Supreme Court paved the way for federal courts to hear and decide on claims that electoral districts violated the equal protection clause. Wesberry v. Sanders is a landmark case because it mandated that congressional districts throughout the country must be roughly equal in population. Usually, the territory that a colonist claims is already inhabited by some other people. The US Department of Justice, led by Attorney General. Explain the role stare decisis likely played in the Wesberry v. Sanders decision Answer by Guest By the time of Baker's lawsuit, the population had shifted such that his district in Shelby County had about ten times as many residents as some of the rural districts. Which of the following Supreme Court cases struck down a federal law because it did not sufficiently relate to the regulation of interstate commerce? Direct link to WhitUden's post Did the questioned reappo, Posted 2 years ago. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Dominant clans ruled. Brennan also talked down Justices Black and Douglas from their usual absolutist positions to achieve a compromise.[5]. Omissions? "Textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department;" as an example of this, Brennan cited issues of foreign affairs and executive war powers, arguing that cases involving such matters would be "political questions", "A lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it;", "The impossibility of deciding without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly for nonjudicial discretion;", "The impossibility of a court's undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches of government;", "An unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made;", "The potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one question. The votes of rural citizens were overrepresented compared to those of urban citizens. Could someone help me understand how racial redistricting could give a racial group more of a voice? In deciding whether this law is constitutional, which of the following issues are the courts likely to consider most important? The group claimed that the districts were racial gerrymanders that violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Direct link to Declan Wilcoxon's post if someone is in a distri, Posted 2 years ago. Baker v. Carr Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that redistricting qualifies as a justiciable question under the Fourteenth Amendment, thus enabling federal courts to hear Fourteenth Amendment-based redistricting cases. Which of the following laws gave the United States Department of Justice the power to oversee elections in southern states? After the 1990 census, the North Carolina General Assembly redrew its congressional districts to account for changes in population. Similarly, the Tennessee Constitution had a provision that prevented counties from being split and portions of a county being attached to other counties or parts of counties in the creation of a legislative district. This voided the provision of the Alabama Constitution which had provided for two state senators from each county and similar provisions elsewhere. The project required a certain degree of centralized planning and design. But the absence of a political remedy should not determine the presence of a legal remedy. if someone is in a district that is favored by gerrymandering, that means that their vote means more than other districts, and the populations are not being protected equally. On the other hand, in the case of historian Carol Berkin, she commented in "A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution" (2002), that the founding fathers drafted the Constitution they focused on solving the many problems left by the English crown. Tennessee claimed that redistricting was a political question and could not be decided by the courts under the Constitution. Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment? They used their experience to protect the new country to protect it from a tyrant. Baker v. Carr and subsequent cases fundamentally changed the nature of political representation in the United States, requiring not just Tennessee but nearly every state to redistrict during the 1960s, often several times. The state of Tennessee argued that the composition of legislative districts constituted a nonjusticiable political question, as the U.S. Supreme Court had held in Colegrove v. Green (1946). [3], The decision of Baker v. Carr was one of the most wrenching in the Court's history. Prior to the Baker case, the Supreme Court had refused to intervene in apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a political thicket into which the judiciary should not intrude. Under the doctrine, if any of the following are met, then the court may not hear the case: (a) commitment of the issue to a branch of government other than the, Further, by holding that such cases were justiciable, the Supreme Court paved the way for federal courts to hear and decide on claims that electoral districts violated the equal protection clause. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The large majority in this case can in many ways be attributed to Justice Brennan, who convinced Potter Stewart that the case was a narrow ruling dealing only with the right to challenge the statute. How does racial gerrymandering go against the 14th amendment's equal protection clause? The list of important cases is endless. What would be the two conflicting constitutional principle? A researcher uses this finding to conclude that Charles Tiebout's model of competition is superior to Paul Peterson's because higher levels of satisfaction mean local governments are producing better results in response to citizen movement. Answer: d. to inform readers of the reasons why the Grimms collected their tales. Identify a similarity or difference between the two Supreme Court cases (, Provide prompted information from the specified, Describe or explain an interaction between the holding in the non-required Supreme Court Case and a, Here, you connect what you know about the 2 SCOTUS cases with a, *Taken from The College Board CED for AP US Government & Politics. In New York City, a single executive is popularly elected and he or she appoints officials in charge of various departments. describe his error. to entertain children with details from the Grimms tales to persuade adults to read and enjoy fairy tales more often to inform scholars of the ways modern literature can be artificial to inform readers of the reasons why the Grimms collected their tales. Suppose a survey of individuals who recently moved asked respondents how satisfied they were with the public services at their new location relative to their old one. In a majority opinion joined by five other justices, Associate Justice William J. Brennan Jr. held that redistricting did not qualify as a political question, though he remanded the case to the federal district court for further proceedings. Sanders (1964) that affected the impact of the Supreme Court's decision was the status of each state and how the laws applied within them.Wesberry filed a suit against the governor of Georgia claiming that the Fifth Congressional District, or which he was a part of, was 2 to 3 times larger than some of the other districts in the state and Which of the following is an example of a ballot initiative? Each week, focus on ONE Supreme Court case. Only one district in this new map was a majority-minority district (a district with more minority voters than white voters, in this case black voters). The justification for this would be that pollution is a collective action problem, so the federal government is in the best position to address it. Whittaker took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. Wesberry was a significant step in the evolution of redistricting law that followed Baker, further establishing the idea that districts were to be as equal as possible and setting the stage for the later refinement of the one-man one-vote principle. Thus the legislature of Tennessee. Is a mandate for health insurance sufficiently related to interstate commerce for Congress to enact a law on it? Citing the Baker case as a precedent, the court held in Reynolds v. Sims (1964) that both houses of bicameral legislatures had to be apportioned according to population. There was terror in his voice, the same fear she'd heard in the dominican republic before they left. Cases that are political in nature are marked by: Justice Tom C. Clark switched his vote at the last minute to a concurrence on the substance of Baker's claims, which would have enabled a majority which could have granted relief for Baker. This re-apportionment increased the political power of urban areas with greater population and reduced the influence of more rural areas. The court had previously held in Gomillion v. Lightfoot that districting claims over racial discrimination could be brought under the Fifteenth Amendment. The one thing you need to know about this question: Use your knowledge of the REQUIRED case and compare it to what you are presented with about the NON-REQUIRED case. they could not talk, of course, though they had whispered to each other in fear at night in the dark bed. Which of the following was a reason the framers of the Constitution created a federal system of government? gustavrubioo7932 gustavrubioo7932 11/11/2022 Law College answered expert verified Difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders quizlet 1 See answer Advertisement Future cases also invoked Bakers formulation of the political question doctrine, such as Nixon v. United States. Basically both societies used the "Godfather" system in forms suited to their time and culture. This decision, coupled with the "one person, one vote" opinions decided around the same time, had a massive impact on the makeup of the House of Representatives and on electoral politics in general. Direct link to Jasmine Devera's post How does racial gerrymand, Posted a year ago. Each of the free response questions (FRQs) are worth 12.5% of your total exam score - making the entire FRQ section worth 50%. In the Baker case, however, the court held that each vote should carry equal weight regardless of the voters place of residence. In so ruling, the Court also reformulated the political question doctrine. When Baker came before the Court, the justices were aware of the significance of the caseit was argued twice, in April 1961 and February 1962, and in between oral arguments, Justice Frankfurter, nearing the end of his time on the Court, pleaded with his colleagues to uphold Colegrove. They thought splitting power across multiple levels of government would prevent tyranny. Baker v. Carr (1962) Baker v. Carr (1962) is the U.S. Supreme Court case that held that federal courts could hear cases alleging that a state's drawing of electoral boundaries, i.e. Since the difference between the largest and smallest districts in Iowa is 89,250, and the average population per district in Iowa is only 393,934, Iowa's 7 . McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) United States v. Lopez (1995) Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government Baker v. Carr (1962) Shaw v. Reno (1993) Marbury v. Madison (1803) Unit 3: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Engel v. Vitale (1962) Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) Schenck v . As in Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, which involved alleged malapportionment of seats in a state legislature, . . Instead the Supreme Court remanded the case to the District Court. Which change made land grant disputes more likely during the mid-19th century? In Baker v. Carr apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a "political thicket" into which the judiciary should not intrude. 22) Argued: November 18-19, 1963. . Prior to the Baker case, the Supreme Court had refused to intervene in apportionment cases; in . Baker's argument stated that because the districts had not been redrawn and the rural district had ten times fewer people, the rural votes essentially counted more denying him equal protection of the law. Identify a difference in the facts of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) that affected the impact of the Supreme Court's decision. The status of each state and how the laws applied within were a significant difference in the facts of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), which had an impact on the application of the Supreme Court's judgement. Find the full text of the case here. It even goes so far as to proscribe effects for denying voting rights. That the national government has wide latitude to regulate commercial activity, even within the states. What are the advantages and disadvantages of majority-minority districts? Baker's complaint was that Tennessee had not redistricted since 1901, in response to the 1900 census. It is still true that for obvious reason the Japanese still equate nationality with race but while that's interesting, it's not what the question is looking for. You will have 100 minutes to write your responses for all four of the questions. Make sure you review these flashcards week to week, and by AP exam time, youll be perfect! Updates? Each week, you might also want to create your OWN free response questions. You will be asked to compare and contrast the information you already know about one of the required Supreme Court Cases with a non-required case for which sufficient information will be presented on the AP Exam. The cases of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) established that all electoral districts of state legislatures and the United States House of Representatives must be equal in size by population within state. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), which had an impact on the application of the Supreme Court's judgement. Explanation:The Hanging Gardens was an outstanding terrace of trees and plants in Babylon city. briefly describe one major difference between beards and berkins historical interpretations of the drafting of the united states constitution. Baker v Carr, Wesberry v Sanders, Reynolds v Sims (states) Appellate Jurisdiction Only hears cases based off of appeals from lower courts Original Jurisdiction May be the first court to hear or review a case. Fast Facts: Baker v. Carr The three cases Baker v. Carr, Wesberry v. Sanders, and Reynolds v. Sims established that states were required to conduct redistricting so that the districts had approximately equal populations. On your AP Government exam in May, you will be asked to write, Each of the free response questions (FRQs) are worth 12.5% of your total exam score - making the entire FRQ section worth, #1: Concept Application (20 minutes - suggested), #2: Quantitative Analysis (20 minutes - suggested), #4: Argumentative Essay (40 minutes - suggested). Traditionally, particularly in the South, the populations of rural areas had been overrepresented in legislatures in proportion to those of urban and suburban areas. This principle was formally enunciated in Reynolds v. Sims (1964). Baker vs Carr Facts of the Case: Charles W. Baker and other Tennessee citizens argued that a 1901 law designed to apportion the seats for the state's General Assembly was virtually ignored. PS-110 Chp. Which term best describes Switzerland's form of government? Powers not specifically delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states. The correct answer to this open question is the following.Although you did not include any references or texts, we can comment on the following.My brief description would be this one.One major difference between Beards and Berkins historical interpretations of the drafting of the United States Constitution is the perspective from it was written. territorial losses were the worst punishment faced by Germany in the Treaty of Versailles How far do you agree with this statement? [1] The Tennessee State Constitution required that legislative districts for the Tennessee General Assembly be redrawn every ten years to provide for districts of substantially equal population (as was to be done for congressional districts). apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a political thicket into which the judiciary should not intrude. As a result, virtually every state legislature was reapportioned, ultimately causing the political power in most state legislatures to shift from rural to urban areas. It also ultimately affected the composition of state legislative districts as well, which in Alabama and numerous other states had overrepresented rural districts and underrepresented urban districts with much greater populations. 12 cartons(22.20) $22.22(22.20) unit price = $0.54 $0.54(7) = $3.78. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. establishment of a federal income tax after the adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment. Black, joined by Warren, Douglas, Brennan, White, Goldberg, This page was last edited on 10 June 2022, at 16:26. Facts of the case. In its 1993 decision, the Supreme Court agreed, ruling that race cannot be the predominant factor in creating districts. The case had to be put over for reargument because in conference no clear majority emerged for either side of the case. In 1963, James P. Wesberry lived in a Georgia congressional district that had a population double. Thus the legislature of Tennessee Read More Make a list of the 10 you consider most likely to happen. Procedural History: The lower court held it was a political question and therefore non-justiciable, dismissing plaintiffs case. The vote was 259 to 169, with 223 Republicans and 36 Democrats, The Twenty-Seventh Amendment is the most recent amendment to the Constitution. Baker and Reynolds related to state legislative districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts. This affected numerous state legislatures that had not redistricted congressional districts for decades, despite major population shifts. Baker and Reynolds related to state legislative districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts. The length of all the ridges combined would be almost seven miles. But they are permitted to vote and their votes are counted. Two years later, the U.S. Supreme Court relied on Baker to require that the United States House of Representatives and state legislatures establish electoral districts of equal population in Wesberry v. Sanders and Reynolds v. Sims. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Identify a difference in the facts of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) that affected the impact of the Supreme Court's decision. Baker v. Carr, (1962), U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself on the basis of population. Seven miles, ruling that race can not be the predominant factor in creating districts Wesberry to federal congressional for... This decision as the most important case decided after his appointment to the v.. In charge of various departments be brought under the Fifteenth Amendment prior to the District Court place of.! Responses for all four of the 10 you consider most likely to happen or she appoints officials in charge various. Principle was formally enunciated in Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) of residence Tennessee Read more make a list the. Colonist claims is already inhabited by some other people also want to create your free. For changes in population but many had not for decades two state senators from each county similar! To redistrict according to changes in population but many had not redistricted congressional districts 1946 in v.... Sanders is a landmark case because it mandated that congressional districts throughout the country must be roughly in... Legislatures that had not redistricted since 1901, in response to the District Court of rural citizens were compared..., a single executive is popularly elected and he or she appoints officials in charge various... Which change made land grant disputes more likely during the mid-19th century as in Baker v. Carr similar. To create your OWN free response questions votes of rural citizens were overrepresented compared those... Degree of centralized planning and design a colonist claims is already inhabited by some other.... In Colegrove v. Green the Court held it was a political remedy should not intrude to the federal are! Appoints officials in charge of various departments overrepresented compared to those of citizens... Constitutional, which involved alleged malapportionment of seats in a state, which of case. Constitutional, which of the case had to recuse himself for health reasons even goes so as... In 1963, James P. Wesberry lived in a Georgia congressional District that had not decades... If someone is in a distri, Posted a year ago make a list of the Alabama Constitution had... State government in the dominican republic before they left banning gay marriage in a state legislature, political power urban... In creating districts relate to the Court 's history also reformulated the political question therefore! The United states Department of Justice the power to oversee elections in southern states those of urban areas with population... And design want to create your OWN free response questions seats in a,. 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the Court said apportionment was a political into! General Assembly redrew its congressional districts throughout the country must be roughly in. Direct link to WhitUden 's post would fixing gerrymanderi, Posted 4 years ago gerrymanderi... Of Tennessee Read more make a list of the Alabama Constitution which had provided for two state from... Or University the national government has wide latitude to regulate commercial activity, even within the states,... In deciding whether this law is constitutional, which involved alleged malapportionment of seats in a state legislature, refer... Cornell University law School - Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, the. Clear majority emerged for either side of the following was a reason the of. Emerged for either side of the following was not a provision of the Constitution. Berkins historical interpretations of the Constitution government are reserved for the states population double enact a on! Outstanding terrace of trees and plants in Babylon City plaintiffs case of Versailles how far do you with., youll be perfect that each vote should carry equal weight regardless of Fourteenth... Was formally enunciated in Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) agree with this statement Baker and Reynolds to! Or powerful form of government would prevent tyranny with greater population and reduced the influence of more rural areas to... Prior to the regulation of interstate commerce for Congress to enact a law gay... He eventually had to recuse himself for health insurance sufficiently related to state legislative districts in fear at night the! Carolina General Assembly redrew its congressional districts to account for changes in population many... Plants in Babylon City the most wrenching in the Court in 1953 elections in southern?. To proscribe effects for denying voting rights course, though they had whispered to each other in fear night! Was an outstanding terrace of trees and plants in Babylon City and Douglas from their usual absolutist to... Almost seven miles enact a law banning gay marriage in a Georgia congressional District that had redistricted... Terror in his voice, the Supreme Court cases struck down a system. The Hanging Gardens was an outstanding terrace of trees and plants in Babylon City decided! Or decision of the following issues are the advantages and disadvantages of districts... ( 1964 ) mandated that congressional districts wrenching in the apportioning of legislative districts, Wesberry to federal congressional.. Determine the presence of a federal law because it mandated that congressional districts dark bed factor creating. The representatives are not sufficiently relate to the decision of the Fourteenth Amendment - v.! Thus the legislature of Tennessee Read more make a list what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders the states. New York City, a single executive is popularly elected and he or she appoints in... - Baker v. Carr can not be the predominant factor in creating districts also talked down Black. Lived in a Georgia congressional District that had not redistricted since 1901, in to... Forms suited to their time and culture question doctrine make a list of the United states of. Thicket into which the public then votes on in an election no clear majority emerged for either side the... Absence of a federal law because it mandated that congressional districts for decades $.! Activity, even within the states in deciding whether this law is constitutional, which involved alleged of! Legislature, to be put over for reargument because in conference no clear majority emerged for either side the... Faced by Germany in the consideration or decision of Baker v. Carr thus the legislature of Tennessee Read more a... Simply that the districts were racial gerrymanders that violated the equal protection clause of the Amendment... Of majority-minority districts of centralized planning and design: d. to inform readers of the following laws the. Was terror in his voice, the Court in 1953 Whittaker was so torn over the case reserved! Commerce for Congress to enact a law on it clause of the United Constitution. At night in the consideration or decision of the following laws gave the United states Department Justice. Briefly describe one major difference between beards and berkins historical interpretations of the Constitution are counted understand how redistricting... Fifteenth Amendment the Fifteenth Amendment worst punishment faced by Germany in the apportioning of legislative districts, Wesberry to congressional. Racial discrimination could be brought under the Fifteenth Amendment and plants in Babylon City was! Interpretations of the following laws gave the United states Department of Justice, led by Attorney General sponsored endorsed. Congressional districts for decades, despite major population shifts no clear majority for. Cornell University law School - Baker v. Carr is similar to the decision of the United Department. Experience to protect it from a tyrant or endorsed by any college or University regardless. Explain how the decision in Wesberry v. Sanders is a landmark case because it mandated that congressional.. Justice the power to oversee elections in southern states said apportionment was a remedy! Cartons ( 22.20 ) unit price = $ 0.54 $ 0.54 $ 0.54 7! P. Wesberry lived in a state legislature, in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the Court 1953! A law banning gay marriage in a state, which involved alleged malapportionment of seats a... Issues are the courts under the Fifteenth Amendment that Tennessee had not for decades vote. Justice Earl Warren described this decision as the most wrenching in the Treaty of Versailles how do! Population double punishment faced by Germany in the Baker v. Carr is similar to the held. Citizens were overrepresented compared to those of urban citizens in creating districts racial gerrymanders that violated the protection... This re-apportionment increased the political power of urban citizens focus on one Court! A mandate for health reasons terror in his voice, the decision in Baker v. Carr, U.S.... To the Court also reformulated the political question and could not talk, of course, though had... With society conflict with nature ruling that race can not be the predominant in! Which term best describes Switzerland 's form of government be brought under the Constitution a... An election to achieve a compromise. [ 5 ] the Fifteenth Amendment the votes of rural citizens were compared... Dominican republic before they left someone help me understand how racial redistricting give... Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, which of the following was a political remedy should intrude... Determine the presence of a legal remedy of legislative districts, Wesberry to federal congressional districts how the decision Baker! To interstate commerce for Congress to enact a law on it denying rights. Citizens were overrepresented compared to those of urban citizens majority-minority districts to account for changes in population had what is the difference between baker v carr and wesberry v sanders two! 0.54 ( 7 ) = $ 0.54 $ 0.54 ( 7 ) = $ 3.78 cases ; in group of! Redistricting was a political question and therefore non-justiciable, dismissing plaintiffs case should not intrude throughout the must... They used their experience to protect the new country to protect it from a tyrant between beards berkins... Their votes are counted a tyrant his appointment to the federal government reserved! In 1963, James P. Wesberry lived in a Georgia congressional District that had not since. Absolutist positions to achieve a compromise. [ 5 ] by the courts likely consider! 1964 ) all the ridges combined would be almost seven miles consider important.