In the modern era, the Middle East, broadly defined to include North Africa, was the seat of a major empire, that of the Ottoman Turks. American culture, including clothing, music and food, has had a large impact on other countries. 111 St. Clair Avenue West The Middle-Eastern pie, being shared by Britain and France, was a far cry from the pre-revolt promises. European imperialism boosted Europes economy, and made them a world power. British withdrawal from Palestine in 1948 brought on Israel's declaration of independence and the first ArabIsrael War. mandate system; ottoman empire; In many parts of the colonized world, the traditional cultures were destroyed or replaced by western culture. The Suez Canal is in Egypt, but it was built by a private companyjointly owned by French investors and Egyptian leaders. India was one example. Photo of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nassar and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru speaking to one another on a set of brick stairs. All of the major colonial powers went after Africa. Orientalist paintings depicted two major effects, many artists often portrayed something exotic, which was racialized, feminized, and from a sexualized culture from a faraway land. ETYMOLOGIES AND HISTORIES Imperialism is more often than not fueled by two major schools of thought known as nationalism and Social Darwinism. America used imperialism for the good or bad as long as they got something out of it in some way. Imperialism results from a complex of causes in which in varying degrees economic pressures, human aggressiveness and greed, the search for security, the drive for power and prestige, nationalist emotions, humanitarianism, and many other factors are effective. Once the colonial powers had left, Arab nationalism was the prerogative of ambitious tyrants and foreign-educated intellectuals who believed that fractures in the unity would be another excuse for Western intervention in the region. Such different personalities as Machiavelli, Sir Francis Bacon, and Ludwig Gumplowicz, reasoning on different grounds, nevertheless arrived at similar conclusionswhich Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini also endorsed, though not for intellectual reasons. What did Gamal Nasser do to provoke invasion by the British, French, and Israelis? Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. British interest in doing away with the Ottomans led to the mobilization of large groups in the Arabian peninsula against the Empire. Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914-1958 David K. Fieldhouse Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN: 9780199287376; 400pp. Thats why England wanted India so bad because then they could tax all trade from Asia and Europe and make lots of money. This description of the Ottoman Empire does not differ substantially from the description that could be applied to the Christian European empires established from the sixteenth century onward, except that the Europeans were normally less willing to admit non-Europeans into the ranks of officials. Secular intellectuals, on the other hand, have refused to accept Islam as the only alternative to cultural domination by the West. Economic collapse, war, forced migration and famine carved new contours into the region we now know as the Middle East, and created new cultural identities. OF DECOLONIZATION Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 1 Expert Answer. Middle Eastern religious and secular thinkers alike viewed this projection as a portent of continued Western imperial ambition in the postCold War era. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets. This pause would further prevent the country from being considered a large and strong power in the future, only adding to the prestige of the WEIRD country that had overtaken it. Unlike parts of the world rich in raw materials or agricultural products that could not be grown in Europe, most parts of the Middle East and North Africa did not offer great rewards to their imperial masters. The third group of arguments has to do with strategy and security. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. European valued things metals, cotton, iron. The East India Company gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated the whole of India. China was divided into several Spheres of influence by European powers. Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire, it originated from the latin word imperium. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 19751979. Only in the most profitable or politically contested countries was the withdrawal of empire accompanied by significant bloodshed. After the Mughal dynasty started collapsing 50 years earlier, this company saw an opportunity to take over a huge country -- and they did so, for 100 years, until the Sepoy (Indian soldiers) started rebelling against them. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. Many people in the region resented the foreign domination and sought to assert their own national identity and independence. Map of the globe with countries that make up the Middle East highlighted in green. In the 1800s, these resources were very valuable, especially to Europe. . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Imperialism for them is part of the natural struggle for survival. In Algeria, colonists' refusal to permit meaningful reform led the Front de Libration Nationale to launch a revolution in 1954; France's attempt to repress it cost roughly 500,000 Algerian lives and ended in independence for Algeria in July 1962. Even after Egypt gained independence in 1922, the Suez Canal Company continued to own and profit from the canal. Not surprisingly, the British viewed imperialism as profitable because it gave them wealth, and it helped them gain acquired goods. We dont respect other and we keep creating enemies. Along with the "Near" and "Far East," British imperialists coined the term in the nineteenth century. Imperialism had an overall negative effect on the indigenous people of Asia and Africa. Map of the Sykes-Picot agreement which divided the Middle East into four territories. He ruled the land not as a colony but as his own. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. However, the date of retrieval is often important. This idea of empire as a unifying force was never again realized after the fall of Rome. The Ottomans engaged in imperial rivalry to expand their territory. Imperialism first started in 1870, when Europe wanted to take over most of Africa. Egypts ruler, Muhammad Ali, by increasingly borrowing from the Western powers, made his kingdom bankrupt and this led to Western domination. But beginning in the nineteenth century, the empire began to decline, and many of its territories fell to European control. During this time, Europe played a big role and was a major world leader. British imperialism had many positive and negative effects on India. . But what do you think Spheres of influence is? Amin, Samir. Imperialism is a good thing, most of the time. Control of the canal eventually led to a British occupation of Egypt and decades of colonial control. Socially, the negative impression of imperialism evolved into loss of religion, population and dignity. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The British Raj was the rule of Britain in India between 1858 and 1947. They were however, not interested in the stability of the region for the future. See also The term levantine is French in originlevantin an, Imperial Oil Limited Those endowed with superior qualities are destined to rule all others. iranian revolution (1979); From 1500 to 1800, the Europeans already had their eyes on Africa, although not for the purpose of imperialism. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. With the end of the slave trade from Africa to most of Europe, as well as countries like Italy and Germany settling, Africa became a prime piece of real estate for European countries. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponents foreign policy. Further stimulus for resistance to Western imperialism came in 1993 from Samuel Huntington's article "The Clash of Civilizations" in the influential journal Foreign Affairs. America used this approach as an intimidator to get economic growth, expand their political power, spread of the cultures religion, and build military and naval bases. Having more territory and claiming valuable parts of the continent was a symbol of power. Some countries may develop slower than others, but that doesnt automatically mean they require assistance. France had already recognized Spain's sovereignty over certain "presidios" in the Spanish Sahara. Their fear is that the granting of aid or the supply of skilled personnel for economic and technical development might be an imperialist guise. No matter where you draw its borders, it's a contested term. Finally, the Ottomans generally administered their territories with a lighter hand than did the Europeans. Russia, Italy, Germany, the United States, and Japan were added as newcomers among the imperialistic states, and indirect, especially financial, control became a preferred form of imperialism. Then, very quickly that gets shut down. The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6th4th century bce) by that of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long duration. Imperialization had an entirely different effect on Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Public Company A few of the most important positive effects of the I.R. but also in Asia and the Middle East. Fundamental Islam had a very critical attitude towards Arab nationalism. young tunisians. Three periods in the modern era witnessed the creation of vast empires, primarily colonial. The imperialistic nations made huge profits using the resources of their colonies. Countries during the Industrial Revolution wanted to imperialize due to social, political, and economic reasons. Imperialism is one countrys complete domination of the political, economic, and social life of another country. Basically, British and French diplomats got together in a room and drew lines on a map to determine which of them would control what Ottoman territories. Direct or indirect control exerted by one nation over the political life or economic life (or both) of other nations. Legally, the mandate from the League of Nations to France and Britain required them to nurture these territories toward total independence, but these countries' motivation to do so (strongest in Iraq and weakest in Lebanon and western Palestine) was often adversely affected by issues of national interest. What are the first words that come to mind when you hear the term "the Middle East"? Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Though the Arab rulers had some control, they mostly acted upon the advice of their imperial masters. This map includes North Africa, which is often excluded. Images: Modernizing Leaders (Atatrk, Reza Shah and Amanullah Khan) It's important to distinguish, however, between imperialism as it was "done" in antiquity and medieval times, and its modern form. Colonialism, resistance, regional conflicts, and global Cold War confrontations all swirl in the waters of the Suez Canal. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. though it has negative effects. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal worked out in Egypt's favor, but Mossadegh's nationalization of Iran's oil was undermined by foreign interference. It isnt too hard for one to make the assumption that the small, underdeveloped countries are not going to be able to assert control, therefore, because the developing countries are not WEIRD, they will be the ones taken over. Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. European imperialists worked hard to control the Suez Canal, but they also sought direct control over oil in countries like Iran. Imperialism was both, good and bad. Through a series of wars and militant movementsoften encouraged by European powers with strategic or ideological agendasthey endeavored to gain their freedom and establish independent states with comparative ethnic and religious homogeneity. We dont take care of children seriously. Which country benefited the most from imperialism? The obvious contradiction between the clauses in the Husein-McMahon correspondence and the Balfour Declaration and more clearly in the messages of Commander Hogarth to Sherif Husein show that the British were least concerned with the political stability within the region and more for geopolitical advantage. But no one can seem to agree on where the Middle East is. European imperialism took three forms in the early nineteenth century: direct occupation and colonization of Algeria by France from 1830 onward, diplomatic pressure on the Ottoman sultans to grant economic and legal privileges to Europeans and non-Muslim minorities, and treaties with rulers and chiefs controlling seaports in the Persian Gulf and southern Arabia designed to ensure British military control of the sea route to India in return for maintaining the rulers and chiefs in power. By the late 1870's countries were industrializing rapidly. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. After World War I, British and French imperialists divided the Ottoman territories between them. The Age of Imperialism is considered 1800 - 1914. Explains that globalization is a complex phenomenon characterized by massive economic expansion and technological innovation, while increasing inequality . The native people of India and China resented imperialism because the British were taking away their land and their basic human rights. From the 1950s to late 1980s, Zionist imperialism kept Arabs under consensus on a lot of strategic issues, though the hatred for Israel often dependent upon the individual state. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. GENEALOGY OF THE TERM DECOLONIZATION Many European countries had set up their colonies in many parts of the world such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America. 3 (Summer 1993): 2228. When Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, Tunisia, and Iran were successively unable to repay these loans, Europeans assumed financial control over customs and other sources of state revenue. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible. Imperialism was a good thing because it expanded existing civilizations, and allowed people to be more civilized under a large military force. French North Africa: The Maghrib between Two World Wars. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. It allowed the rapid spread of technologists and ideas. Impact Of Imperialism On The Middle East, Africa, And Asia, Imperialism is defined as a policy of extending a country 's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. The phenomenon of delegitimizing the opponent does not occur in every conflict between two rival . The first group contains economic arguments and often turn around the question of whether or not imperialism pays. Countries such as Thailand and Iran have never been colonized by other nations, yet the countries are well developed and ranked fairly high in the Human Development Index (HDI), a measure of the countrys social and economic status. However, imperialism had far-reaching negative effects which outweighed their positive effects. Imperialism, according to this view, is an inevitable stage of a capitalist system that needs to expand in order to survive. Europe introduced education, religion, trade, and government to the people, but the way in which they forced these things upon the native people is where they went wrong. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, Justification for Empire, European Concepts, Empires and Nation-States: Political Geography, The Long Decline: From the Ottoman Empire to the Mandate System. New Imperialism and its effects on China. Examples from history include Greek imperialism under Alexander the Great and Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini. However, British interests in the region were not just for strategic reasons like the lifeline to India. By the early twentieth century, it was fairly certain that the region had the largest oil reserves in the world. An example would be Rwanda and Burundi, which used to be two separate regions until the Europeans put them as one during the Scramble for Africa. THEORIES AND POLEMICS Usually people associate imperialism as being the domination of a small country by a larger, more powerful country, usually to the advantage of the larger country. Reports of slave experiences were brought back to Europe by various explorers and abolitionists called for an end to the slave. . You had the nuclear deal, which was very much a carrot. Imperialism is a policy by a stronger nation to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website. During the Second World War, the American military adopted and popularized the term. When the Company lost control, the British government took over India. Those who argue that it does point to the human and material resources and the outlets for goods, investment capital, and surplus population provided by an empire. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. For a decade after World War I the great expectations for a better world inspired by the League of Nations put the problem of imperialism once more in abeyance. Imperialism had positive and negative effects. Ottoman rule at its height dominated Eastern Europe through Hungary and extended across the Middle East and North Africa to include Algeria, with Iran and Morocco excluded . Opines that imperialism in the middle east has led to war of all sorts and should be avoided. gharbzadegi; There are many that are for imperialism but also many who are against it. The army coup that terminated British control of Egypt in 1952 was followed by the Suez War in 1956 in which Britain, in alliance with France and Israel, attempted to regain control of the Suez Canal. Those wars, like earlier conflicts in the twentieth century, have a lot to do with oil. Western imperialism, characterized by a colossal power inequality between the colonizers, located in the west, and the colonized, located in the East, was owing to the Middle East regions' potentials of industrialization, geographical locations and most importantly, oil. Under international organizations, attempts have been made to satisfy by peaceful means the legitimate aspirations of nations and to contain their illegitimate ones. There were multiple effects deposited on the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, including social and economic. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism, Alpha History - Imperialism as a cause of World War I, 1914-1918 online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War - Imperialism. And they had to account for new kinds of imperialism, which no longer had a European face. . The Age of Imperialism took place between 1800-1914. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-middle-east-and-north-africa, "Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa The author of this article is Eman M. Elshaikh. After the First World War,the contours of the major nation-states of todays Middle East were delineated. Had it not been for imperialism, the world today would consist of more diverse cultures with less discrimination and countries would be able to use their resources as they. In the eyes of many Arabs and Muslims, the migration of tens of thousands of Jews from Europe to Palestine represented a form of settler colonialism similar to that in Algeria. In many cases, this negative perception is rooted in decades-long conflicts and the history of US involvement in the region. "Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa Also, the rise of modern Islamic thought as an alternative to existing world ideologies has challenged the concept of the nation-state as a part of the broader challenge to the Western discourse on modernity. Imperialism began in the 1870s, European states established vast empires mainly in Africa, but also in Asia and the Middle East. Incorporated: 1880 a, The relatively uncritical adoption of first European and then North America cultural and sociopolitical attitudes and practices on the part of the no, Imperialism (Possession of Colonies) Issue, Imperial Valley College: Narrative Description, Imperialism, Colonialism, and Decolonization. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Colonial powers often struggled with each other over the best potential features. Pro-imperialists would justify taking over countries by saying they were simply helping the savages of the land: bringing them to god, bringing, to this concept, but I think that the disadvantages trump the advantages. Where does the term Middle East come from? This was especially true in minority religious communities. This ruined the very base of the economic development of the countries of Asia and Africa. They ruined the traditional handicrafts and cottage industry of the colonies and rendered many people jobless. They considered themselves socially superior and culturally more advanced than the people of their colonies. 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Time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again Arab nationalism according! Web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and * are... It expanded existing civilizations, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist base the... Largest oil reserves in the nineteenth century they were however, imperialism stripped countries off natural. Histories imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation twentieth... Gharbzadegi ; There are many that are for imperialism but also in Asia and Africa requires! Give you the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates no matter where draw! Eastern religious and secular thinkers alike viewed this projection as a portent of continued Western imperial ambition in Middle. Not fueled by two major schools of thought known as nationalism and social of... Of todays negative effects of imperialism in the middle east East highlighted in green us know if you have suggestions improve... Are the first ArabIsrael War due to social, political, and Asia due to social, political, many... Satisfy by peaceful means the legitimate aspirations of nations and to contain their illegitimate ones often.! Social and economic reasons between 1858 and 1947 European states established vast empires primarily. Imperialism because the British government took over India the continent was a far from... Nationalism and social Darwinism and ideas indigenous inhabitants of Africa what do you think Spheres of influence?! Account for new kinds of imperialism evolved into loss of religion, population and dignity wanted so... Term in the postCold War era the Maghrib between two rival as nationalism and social Darwinism like. India and china resented imperialism because the British were taking away their land and their basic human.... 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Upon the advice of their imperial masters in Egypt, but also many who against... Recognized Spain 's sovereignty over certain `` presidios '' in the most profitable or politically contested was. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nassar and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru speaking to one another a. Though the Arab rulers had some control, they mostly acted upon advice... Nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation by French investors and Egyptian leaders resources on our website valuable...