Many wore gold or silver discs on their heads and the main party was preceded by a group wearing livery of chequered colors, who sang while sweeping the roadway in front of Atahualpa. In the meantime, more information about the article and the author can be found by clicking on the authors name. The siege of the Alamo lasted for 13 days . The battle was the final defeat of. Yes! By the time Huayna Capac (the father of Atahualpa) died, i.e. With the outcome of the Kanalkampf phase of the battle inconclusive, Gring made plans for an all-out assault against Fighter Command on the British mainland. Less than two weeks before World War II begins, Germany and the Soviet Union conclude the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, dividing eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Following their victory at the Battle of Cajamarca, the Spanish kept Atahualpa as their prisoner, but later found him to be a liability. His account of the battle itself is heavily influenced by Inca mythology and ritualised.[8]. The official end of the war would come with the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. (RokerHRO / CC BY-SA 3.0 ). The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, Film Footage Provides Intimate View of HMS Gloucester Shipwreck, Top 8 Legendary Parties - Iconic Celebrations in Ancient History, The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth Behind the Black Legend (Part II), The Spanish Inquisition: The Truth behind the Dark Legend (Part I), Bloodthirsty Buddhists: The Sohei Warrior Monks of Feudal Japan, Legends Of The Oracle Of Delphi At The Centre Of The World, Ancient Animal Bone Ice Skates Found in Chinas Birthplace of Skiing, Caesars Savage Human Skewers Unearthed In German Fort, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India, Ivar the Boneless: Viking Warrior, Ruler and Raider, What is Shambhala? Impact to the Incan Empire They lost a lot of their people because of the battle and the conquistador and colonizers brought smallpox to them . Gen. Gustav von Wietersheim's XIV Panzerkorps penetrates the Stalingrad suburbs, and that night they reach the western bank of the Volga River. Codenamed Adlerangriff (Eagle Attack), it was due to commence on 13 August. the ruler of the Inca Empire . Pizarro, on the contrary, did not lose a single man. While success in Saratoga was heartening to the patriots, the Americans were struggling in the Pennsylvania Campaign. After removing the main coalition against his rule in the fertile northern Indian heartland, Muhammad of Ghors armies swept over all of north India, reaching Bengal by 1200, and pretty muchdestroyingIndian Buddhism en route. Gen. Georgy Zhukov launches Operation Uranus, a massive Soviet counteroffensive. While there have been dozens of important, interesting battles over the past five thousand years of recorded warfare, here are five that changed history forever, though by no means is this list exhaustive. As Wintson Churchill electrified the nation with his soaring oratory, strengthened the resolve of the embattled British people and gave them hope, a small band of fighter pilots just over 700 in total would indeed act as that thin blue line of defence. The king was a god to his subjects; his humiliation turned Inca reality upside down. Britannica Quiz History: Fact or Fiction? Then dive into another historic American war, the U.S. Civil War. By 1532, Atahualpa had triumphed over Huascar, who was captured after a battle at Quipaipan. Valverde reached out to open it, but not wishing to be touched, Atahualpa "in great anger, gave him a blow on the arm." On June 18, 1815, British and Prussian forces led by the Duke of Wellington squashed Napoleon Bonaparte's troops at Waterloo, in what is now Belgium. Encamped along the heights of Cajamarca with a large force of battle-tested troops fresh from their victories in the civil war against his half-brother Huascar, the Inca felt they had little to fear from Pizarro's tiny army, however exotic its dress and weaponry. However, American revolutionaries also engaged in Canada, Saratoga and other areas of the North American continent. The battle, which is sometimes considered to be an ambush or a skirmish, saw a small band of Spaniards led by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro capture Atahualpa, the Sapa Inca, i.e. The Inca warriors facing them had no armor and most carried only heavy clubs, axes, or maces. Battle of Tsingtao TsingtaoAt the start of the First World War that squadron was under the command of Admiral Graf von Spee. September 10, 1944: Allied infantry first enters German territory. The bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, is likewise ineffective, and the British eventually retire from the Chesapeake. German losses should have sent alarm bells ringing within the Luftwaffe high command but instead they chose to believe their own inaccurate intelligence reports that claimed 35 British kills. According to one version of the story, at the start of the meeting, Vicente de Valverde, a friar traveling with the expedition, demanded Atahualpa convert to Catholicism, and to acknowledge the Spanish king as his sovereign. A timeline of the events leading up to, and during, the Battle of the Somme 1916 1914. Illustrated Timeline Battle of Cajamarca. After a brief pause Friar Vincente de Valverde, accompanied by an interpreter, emerged from the building where Pizarro was lodged. The Battle of Cajamarca, showing Emperor Atahualpa surrounded on his palanquin. Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park, commander of No 11 Group, responsible for the defence of London, famously ordered all his aircraft into the air to defend the capital, abandoning his own policy of deliberate, smaller attacks by individual squadrons. Had Atahualpa not been captured by Pizarro, the story would have had a much different ending. Kate Moore picks out five moments from that fateful summer, when a group of Allied pilots were engaged in desperate battles with their German foes, hoping to secure control of the skies and prevent a Nazi invasion of Britain. He explains how Britain came out on top in one of the pivotal clashes of the Second World War: Dismayed by the failure to destroy Fighter Command and incensed by a British bombing raid on Berlin, Gring turned his attention to London. tribal chief. The expedition, which consisted of 300 settlers, established a colony called San Sebastin de Urab, in the area of modern-day Columbia. Balboa's travel route to theSouth Sea, 1513. MacGregor, S. 2018. Atahualpa had received the invaders from a position of immense strength. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Source: shantihesse / Adobe Stock. By sundown the RAF had lost seven planes against the Luftwaffes 13. Gen. Gustav von Wietersheim's XIV Panzerkorps penetrates the Stalingrad suburbs, and that night they reach the western bank of the Volga River. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. He was a teacher in the Chicago suburbs and Seoul, Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Atahualpas underestimation of the Spanish would cost him his empire. a gold cup of chicha which was not drunk and given no attention at all. However, as the young country quickly learned, democracy is only as strong as the people who constantly defend it. Stalin issues Order No. American and French troops attempted to reclaim Savannah in September 1779 during the Siege of Savannah, one of the bloodiest battles of the Revolutionary War, but failed to take it back. How might the world have changed if Constantine lost at the Milvian Bridge? In a bold move, Pizarro captured the Atahualpa and killed most of his major commanders with no loss to his menusinghis horses, guns, and steel to shock the Incas, who were not expecting a battle and who lost over two thousand men. This was an astonishing rate of success for the outnumbered British fighter pilots. Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custer's Last Stand, (June 25, 1876), battle at the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, U.S., between federal troops led by Lieut. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Following their occupation and burning of Washington, D.C., in August 1814, the British-led by Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane, Rear Admiral George Cockburn, and Major General Robert Ross-decided to sail up the . A Skirmish at Cajamarca in 1532 Led to the Downfall of the Incan Empire . The greed of the Spaniards angered Comagres eldest son, Panquiaco, who knocked over the scales used to weigh the gold and exclaimed If you are so hungry for gold that you leave your lands to cause strife in those of others, I shall show you a province where you can quell this hunger. If you'd like to see a timeline of the American Revolution that covers these events at a glance, check out the PDF below. [9][10], Atahualpa's wife, 10-year-old Cuxirimay Ocllo, was with the army and stayed with him while he was imprisoned. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Over five thousand troops fought at Bunker Hill, where the British managed to hold their territory against the American soldiers. This contribution has not yet been formally edited by Britannica. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. American morale was high after the victory at Trenton and remained high as they defended the valuable Hudson River valley from British forces in 1777. Pizarro ventured deep into the heart of the Inca Empire withonly168 men in 1532, a number so small as to defy belief, especially since it seems like Pizarros plan was conquest from the beginning. After conquering much of what is today Pakistan, he came face to face with a large Rajput (a Hindu warrior caste) coalition led by commander Prithviraj Chauhan at Tarain (near Delhi) in 1191, where he was defeated. Did the Portuguese Have Secret Knowledge about Brazil Before the Treaty of Tordesillas? In 1510, Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin (in modern-today Panama) was founded by Vasco Nez de Balboa. Battle of Lexington was also known as "shots heard round the world" Boston Massacre was where the British fired at some Boston citizens Thomas Paine realized that common sense is not so common The Proclamation of 1763 was where the king wanted to tax people because its hard to It led to the battles of Lexington and Concord, which marked the official beginning of the Revolution with an American victory. Throughout the history of civilization, the concept of the apocalypse has been ever present, in one way or another. It all came down to how the imminent battle would be fought. The Canada Campaign consisted of a series of battles intended to take control of Quebec, a British province, and to enlist Canadian support for the revolution. Around the time of Pizarros second expedition, the old Sapa Inca, Huayna Capac, had died, possibly due to smallpox, a disease that was brought to the New World by the Spanish. . Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The battle took place on June 17, 1775, and although it was a British tactical victory, it emboldened American forces. Gring, however, failed to recognise that the campaigns in the Low Countries and France had taken their brutal toll, and the Luftwaffe could now only muster 1,380 bombers and 428 dive-bombers, nowhere near the 5,000 he liked to boast of in his propaganda. [Online] Available at: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Inca_Civilization, New World Encyclopedia. It is also inconceivable that Islam would take root and become so widespread had Christianity not first changed the religious orientation of much of the world away from polytheism toward monotheism. The "battle" involved the massacre of thousands of Atahualpa's unarmed entourage of nobles and attendants, in the great plaza of Cajamarca. As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. 1854 Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repeals the Missouri Compromise. El Conquistador, Pizarro . Take a look at a Revolutionary War timeline that details the first pivotal events and battles of the American Revolution. The weapons and horses of the Spanish added to the initial shock of the surprise attack and Atahualpas retainers were massacred. If the British pilots were deployed correctly, then the dice would not be as heavily stacked against Fighter Command as is commonly believed. The capture of Atahualpa was the greatest shock of all to the Incas. As the first German bombers began to appear one after the other, the British scrambled their fighter squadrons. Blazing away with their muskets, slashing and thrusting with their swords, they slew 7,000 Incas; not a single Spaniard was badly hurt. Recognizing the value of Atahualpa as a hostage, Pizarro defended him and received a sword wound to his hand. 5.30 am, December 16, 1944: The Battle of the Bulge is initiated by the German Sixth Panzer Army. The seizure of Atahualpa marked the opening stage of the conquest of the pre-Columbian Inca civilisation of Peru. The battle begins with standard skirmishing by light troops on either side as the infantry advanced; meanwhile, the cavalry corps of each side charged forward, colliding violently in the middle. Most of India eventually came under Islamic rule, with the subsequent establishment of the Delhi Sultanate (1206) and the Mughal Empire (1526). This was the battle that stopped the previously unstoppable Mongol juggernaut and preventing them from advancing further in the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? The Battle of Cajamarca was fought in the Andes Mountains of modern day northern Peru between the Spanish under Francisco Pizarro and the Incas led by the Emperor Atahualpa. The Byzantine Emperor was captured and though released, the Empire fell into civil war. [6] Either way, the Incan emperor's refusal to convert to Roman Catholicism was exploited by the conquistadors as an excuse to initiate a bloodbath. But the Luftwaffe continued to rely on faulty intelligence, frequently attacking bases that were not operational fighter stations. However, even though the war would last three more years, the balance had already begun to shift in America's favor. 227, decreeing that the defenders at Stalingrad would take Not One Step Back. He refuses to evacuate any civilians, stating that the army would fight harder knowing that they were defending residents of the city. / Public Domain ). https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pizarro-executes-last-inca-e https://historycollection.co/a-skirmish-at-cajamarca-in-1532-led-to-the- https://www.livescience.com/41346-the-incas-history-of-andean-empire.html, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cajamarca-1532. Arnold would later go on to become America's most famous traitor after agreeing to surrender the Hudson River fort for a position in the British army. Please improve this article by adding a reference. Valverde approached the Inca and ordered him to accept Catholicism as his faith and Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor as sovereign. Atahualpa, still belittling the Spanish, decided to leave most of his 80,000 troops outside the city, and brought with him only several thousand unarmed retainers to the meeting. The Caliphs of Baghdad hadceased to hold effective powerby 900 and a number of independent Islamic states arose on the Byzantine frontier, while the Caliphs themselves became puppets of temporal rulers. Francisco Pizarro traps Incan emperor Atahualpa. The silver mined in Peru flooded the world market and led to the increased monetization of the world economy, in places as far away as Europe and China. Any assault on the Inca armies overlooking the valley would have been suicidal. A spell of bad weather had meant a delay in hostilities on Eagle Day. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. According to one estimate, in the course of two hours, more than 4,000 Incas were killed by Pizarro and his men. The colony, however, did not last, and Pizarro led the remaining settlers (only 100 were left in early 1510) back to Hispaniola. The Battle of Cajamarca is undoubtedly a pivotal event in the history of the world. [Online] Available at: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Atahualpa, New World Encyclopedia. 1820 Congress passes the Missouri compromise, prohibiting slavery in most of the western territories. A complacent King Atahuallpa had allowed Pizarros expedition to pass unhindered into his realms. A total of 87 RAF aircraft were destroyed on the ground on 13 August, but only one of these was from Fighter Command. 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But Grings bomber pilots should have taken little comfort in this. Francisco Pizarro's route of exploration during the conquest of Peru (15311533). Therefore, when one of his men was about to kill Atahualpa, Pizarro intervened, and received a cut on his hand in the process. For all the power of their firearms, the conquistadores real secret weapon was their obliviousness toward the Inca peoples taboos: in physically laying hands on Atahuallpa and taking him prisoner, they did the unthinkable. Battle of Cajamarca, (15 November 1532). In short, the Incan Empire was a highly-developed civilization on the eve of its destruction. In the years that followed, Pizarro participated in several expeditions. The legacy of Ain Jalut was the fact that it preserved much of the Islamic World and Europe against further Mongol onslaught by preventing them from moving further west and proved that the Mongols could be beaten. Atahualpas men, however, were unarmed. Several important moments that led up to the Revolutionary War include: Revolution was already on the horizon by the time the first shot was fired. Feigning benign intentions, he arranged to meet with Atahualpa, who brought 80,000 warriors to the meeting in the town square of Cajamarca (most were encamped outside the town). Pizarro held this position from the settlements founding in 1519 to 1523 and managed to amass a small fortune. 2019. The battle began with the Kanalkampf, or Channel Battles phase, when the Germans launched sustained attacks against British shipping to prevent much-needed supplies from reaching the beleaguered British Isles. The curation of this content is at the discretion of the author, and not necessarily reflective of the views of Encyclopaedia Britannica or its editorial staff. Their final engagement of the year with British forces, the December 4th Battle of White Marsh, ended without a decisive result, leaving Washington and his struggling army to winter in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/cajamarca_battle.html, Greed, gold and God: The Battle of Cajamarca, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, 3,0008,000 unarmed personal attendants/lightly armed guards. Three years later, Balboa organized an expedition to search for a kingdom on the coast of the other sea, now known as the South Sea or Southern Pacific Ocean. Biography of Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca . Battles can make or break states and change the destiny of nations forever. Soviet troops enter the Romanian territory of Bessarabia as a prelude to annexation of the region. He was aiming to conquer the Levant and Egypt. (ALE! He then began to patronize Christianity, leading to its spread from a small persecuted sect to the official religion of the empire by 380. Germany launches Operation Barbarossa. August 19 - Battle of Paulus Hook, NJ. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Pizarro, History.com Editors. By 1538 she was Pizarro's mistress, bearing him two sons, Juan and Francisco. The Spanish Mercenaries Were Outnumbered 500-1, The Battle of Cajamarca, 1532 . The Mamluks were a military caste of Muslim soldiers descended from slaves who had their base in Egypt. Stalingrad offensive begins. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army. Atahualpa. Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, arguably Germanys most gifted field commander, launches Operation Winter Storm, an attempt to breach the encirclement from the southwest. The Battle of the Alamo was a 13 day siege fought from February 23 1836 and March 6, 1836 between a handful of 180 American rebels, fighting for Texan independence from Mexico, who were in the Alamo against Mexican forces of about 4000, under President General Santa Anna. The morale of the Incas was shattered, even the 80,000 strong army encamped outside Cajamarca was paralyzed, being unable to do anything after Atahualpas capture. The Walls of Benin: Four Times Longer Than The Great Wall of China! On November 16, 1532, Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish explorer and conquistador, springs a trap on the Incan emperor, Atahualpa. The Inca had clear numerical superiority over the Spanish several thousand Incas against less than 200 Spanish. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Atahuallpa, Wu Mingren (Dhwty) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. My squadron, 54, I think we were down to five of the original pilots so were operating on a bit of a shoestring.. In April 1775, Paul Revere used secret American intelligence to warn colonists about an impending British attack at Concord. Moreover, his confidence was greatly boosted following his victory in the civil war. Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette were among the individuals who secured France's financial and military help on February 6, 1778, with the Treaty of Alliance. Believing their attacks were decimating the much smaller force of Fighter Command, the Luftwaffe planned a series of ambitious assaults on key British airfields including Kenley, Biggin Hill, Hornchurch and North Weald. 3. Balboa first heard about this place when he was in the lands of Comagre, from a local cacique, i.e. He took a huge gamble, but battles are not won by the timid. Pizarros "plan" appears to have been to improvise: trusting to the advantages of surprise and shock that the sight of horses, firearms, and iron weaponry and armor had given his compatriots wherever they went in the Americas. The Spanish also had four small cannons commanded by a Greek artillery captain which were used to great effect in the crowded town square. The Boston Campaign took place in New England with the battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill. France had just lost most of its North American territory to Britain after the Seven Years' War. In a calculated show of goodwill, Atahualpa had lured the adventurers deep into the heart of his mountain empire where any potential threat could be met with a show of force. All rights reserved. None of this was inevitable or even likely had the Muslims not won at Tarain. Pizarro's fortunes changed dramatically in the late afternoon when Atahualpa announced that the greater part of his host would set up camp outside the walls of the city. The Articles served as a preliminary Constitution for the colonies and served to protect domestic freedoms and regulate various diplomatic efforts which would prove quite necessary in the years to follow. Sheer shock made a nonsense of the numbers as Francisco Pizarros 128 invaders defeated the Inca army. Atahualpas underestimation of Pizarro, as much as the audacity of the Spaniards, contributed to the Sapa Incas capture at Cajamarca, thus paving the way for Spanish colonialism in the western part of South America . 4,700-Year-Old Tavern Serves Up Surprises in Ancient Lagash, Iraq, Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, The Search for the Tomb and Treasure of the Last Inca Emperor, 1,200-Year-Old Ceremonial Temple with Six Female Sacrifice Victims Unearthed in Peru, Origin Myths of the Inca Civilization & Piecing Together Royal Heritage, Gods Devils: The Men Who Conquered South America. [Online] Available at: https://historycollection.co/a-skirmish-at-cajamarca-in-1532-led-to-the- Jarus, O. Col. George A. Custer and Northern Plains Indians (Lakota [Teton or Western Sioux] and Northern Cheyenne) led by Sitting Bull. This interactive timeline depicts the key events of "The Battle of the Bulge" which took place in northern France over the course of December 16, 1944 to January 18, 1945 as told through the daily situation maps made for the US Military VIII Corps. At the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066, King Harold II of England was defeated by the invading Norman forces of William the Conqueror. Atahualpa was now headed south, to Cusco, the Incan capital, where he would claim his throne. Other factors in the Spaniards' favor were their steel swords, helmets, and armor as the Incan forces had only leather armor and were unarmed. Your email address will not be published. and He earned a B.A. The two Soviet pincers meet at Kalach, a vital Don River crossing about 60 miles west of Stalingrad. It was a tactic that left the bombers unprotected and they were soon falling in devastating numbers. Such attacks had been taking place since late June, but early July saw a marked increase in the frequency and ferocity. [11], Coordinates: 70952S 783038W / 7.16444S 78.51056W / -7.16444; -78.51056. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. The Inca paid an enormous ransom in gold for the release of Atahuallpa, but Pizarro still had his prisoner garrotted in the end. Battle of Cajamarca The Battle of Cajamarca was the ambush and capture of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by Francisco Pizarro and a small Spanish force on November 16, 1532.. In geopolitical terms, the battle led to South Asia becoming politically a part of the greater Islamic world to its west. in history from Michigan State University in 1995. While well-equipped German troops constitute the majority of Axis forces on the Eastern Front, the Italian, Romanian, and Hungarian contingents number in the hundreds of thousands. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. If the Germans had launched a second mass raid immediately after the first, British fighters would have been caught on the ground refuelling. Pizarro then told the ruler that de Soto was of equal rank and should be treated as such. After Spain's American colonies gained independence in the 1820s, the growth of other colonial empires made the narrative of Cajamarca compelling to Europeans and Americans. Instead of assaulting the battle-hardened Sixth Army and Fourth Panzer Army in Stalingrad itself, the Soviets strike at the flanks of the overextended Axis line. Shortly after, the united Mongol front for world conquest fell apart and Mongols began fighting one another. 2018. Jun 28, 1914. . Only 450 Americans died during the fight, compared to 1,054 . What made the formation of Hannibal's army unique was its crescent shape, which would prove vital to the battle's outcome. Supplemented by 1,100 fighters, the Luftwaffe still enjoyed a numerical superiority of almost five to one over the British defenders. Most sources state that no Conquistadors were killed, while others state that five or fewer were killed. The finest type of cloth is known as cumpi and was used exclusively by the empires elites. 2018. Such attacks had been taking place since late June, but early July saw a marked increase in the frequency and ferocity. The Battle of Cajamarca was the unexpected ambush and seizure of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532. Stensland . Take a look at an American Revolution timeline to see the important events of the Revolutionary War, as well as the events that led up to and followed the war. 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The American militia, successfully taking it under British control made to follow citation style rules, there be...